Comprehensive Assessment
Medical care depends on the traditional patient history and physical examination, an approach to patient assessment that has developed gradually over the course of the modern medical era. Variants that…
Motor Cortex Stimulation for Relief of Chronic Pain
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Many types of chronic pain can be improved by electrical stimulation of nerve tissue: in the periphery, at the spinal cord, and even in motor cortex….
Deep Brain Stimulation
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Most applications of electrical stimulation for the treatment of intractable pain are delivered at the spinal cord or in the periphery, but deep brain stimulation (DBS)…
Cost-Effectiveness of Neurostimulation
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Health care is expensive; and the up-front costs of electrical stimulation are significant, particularly when compared to more conventional treatments such as pharmacological interventions. Many insurance…
The Future of Neurostimulation
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Neurostimulation has made significant strides since Shealy first implanted a spinal cord stimulator in 1967. This chapter addresses some of these advances and others that may…
Peripheral Subcutaneous Stimulation for Intractable Pain
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Peripheral subcutaneous stimulation (PSS) provides a minimally invasive form of neurostimulation for intractable pain. This technique, also called peripheral nerve field stimulation , targets the small,…
Occipital Neurostimulation
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Occipital neurostimulation (ONS) provides a minimally invasive, reversible, and effective treatment for a number of intractable headache disorders. The technique is thought to work by inhibiting…
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Percutaneous Technique
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) directly stimulates peripheral nerves for the treatment of various indications of neuropathic pain. Although the stimulating electrode is usually implanted directly in…
Coding and Billing for Neurostimulation
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Most physicians want to spend their time treating patients, not dealing with payment issues, but the reality is that coding and billing are an integral part…
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Open Technique
Chapter Overview Chapter Synopsis: Although peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of many neuropathic pain indications, it has been underused in the clinic….
