Critically ill patients are often hypermetabolic and can rapidly become nutritionally compromised. Iatrogenic malnutrition is prevalent in these patients and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Consequently, the…
Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is a leading cause of long-term disability for adults. The health-care cost of stroke patients in 2010…
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a catastrophic condition that results in multiple organ failure. The severity of the illness and the rapidity of clinical deterioration in a previously healthy individual…
Liver alterations are common in critical illness. These changes can be attributed to diverse factors, including systemic inflammation and poor perfusion but also to drugs and parenteral nutrition. Damage ranges…
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a type of hemorrhagic stroke due to rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, affects approximately 30,000 Americans each year and has a mortality rate of nearly 45%….
The morbidity and mortality resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) stem not only from the primary brain damage caused by the initial impact but also from the secondary insults that…
A search of the literature on the management of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) will reveal evidence-based guidelines and consensus-based recommendations supporting intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring ( Table 61-1 )….
Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, a core component of critical care monitoring, provides immediate information on the status of the patient’s respiratory system and whether a state of acidosis or…
An imbalance of oxygen delivery and demand with resultant organ dysfunction is the hallmark of critical illness. Measuring oxygen delivery, recognizing tissue hypoperfusion, and monitoring the response to therapeutic interventions…
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome that is frequently and commonly observed among hospitalized and especially critically ill patients. The incidence of AKI varies based on the criteria used…
