Questions 1. What is a ventricular assist device? 2. What are important preanesthetic considerations for patients with a left ventricular assist device? 3. What anesthetic agents and techniques are appropriate…
Questions 1. What are the different types of pacemakers? 2. How does a pacemaker work? 3. What do the pacemaker codes represent? 4. Explain physiologic pacing. 5. What is mode…
Questions 1. What are the etiology and pathophysiology of mitral stenosis? 2. How are preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility managed in patients with mitral stenosis? 3. Explain methods for…
Questions 1. What is cardiac tamponade? 2. What are the etiologies of cardiac tamponade? 3. What are the signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade? 4. How is cardiac tamponade diagnosed?…
Questions 1. Describe the anatomic abnormalities in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. 2. What changes in preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility optimize hemodynamic performance for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy? 3….
Questions 1. How do you evaluate cardiac risk in a patient scheduled for noncardiac surgery? 2. How is cardiac status evaluated before elective noncardiac surgery? 3. What is the cardiac…
Questions 1. Describe the symptoms of and long-term prognosis for aortic stenosis. 2. Identify the etiology of aortic stenosis. 3. What is the significance of aortic valve area and how…
Questions 1. Name possible etiologies for dilated cardiomyopathy. 2. Explain the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. 3. Which monitors would you use for this patient in the perioperative period? 4. How…
Questions 1. What are the determinants of myocardial oxygen supply? 2. Explain the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption (demand). 3. What are the pharmacologic alternatives for treating myocardial ischemia in…
Spinal cord injury (SCI) constitutes a major cause of morbidity in the trauma patient. The United States has the highest incidence of traumatic spinal cord injuries, with approximately 40 new…
