Opioids in Pain
Introduction/General Considerations Opium and its derivatives have been described and used for analgesia for thousands of years, making it one of the oldest medicinal plants. In 3500 BC, the opium…
Rehabilitation in Pain Medicine
The goals of rehabilitation in patients suffering from acute or chronic pain can be quite variable. However, the foundation of successful rehabilitation always focuses on functional and analgesic optimization. Patients…
Comorbid Chronic Pain and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Current Knowledge, Treatments, and Future Directions
Understanding Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Pain: Current Treatments and Future Directions It is crucial for providers, researchers, and consumers to understand chronic pain through a comprehensive model that…
Basic Science of Pain
Introduction Clinically, the most commonly referenced definition of pain initially described by Harold Merskey in 1964, and as adopted by the International Association in the Study of Pain in 1979,…
Inpatient Pain
Introduction Inpatient pain management is a critical component of hospital care. Patients followed by an acute pain service are typically those who have undergone surgery, were involved in trauma, have…
Cannabis in Pain
Cannabinoids: Introduction Cannabinoids are the chemical constituents of the Cannabis plant. There are three general categories of cannabinoids present, including phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids. Phytocannabinoids are cannabinoids found in…
Geriatric Pain Management
Introduction In 2018, for the first time in history the number of persons aged 65 years or above exceeded the number of children under the age of 5 years on…
Complementary and Integrative Health
Overview Integrative healthcare is defined by the United States National Institutes of Health as a comprehensive, often interdisciplinary approach to treatment, prevention, and health promotion that brings together complementary and…
Visceral Pain: Mechanisms, Syndromes, and Treatment
Introduction Chronic visceral pain is a common medical condition that is experienced by more than 20% of the global population. Visceral pain can be complex because of its vague constellation…
Pain and Addiction
Introduction Increased utilization of opioids for chronic pain started in the late 1990s. Although evidence of long-term benefit was never documented, opioids were recommended, often as a first-line therapy, and…
