25 Commonly Used Monitoring Techniques
The purpose of monitoring equipment is to augment the situational awareness of the anesthesiologist by providing clinical data either more rapidly than can be achieved manually or more precisely than…
17 Inhaled Anesthetics
At equilibrium, the CNS partial pressure of inhaled anesthetics equals their arterial partial pressure, which in turn equals their alveolar partial pressure if cardiopulmonary function is normal. The inspired concentration…
14 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Physiology
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pH, PaCO2, and serum bicarbonate. The Henderson equation defines the previous relationship but substitutes hydrogen concentration for pH. The pathophysiology of metabolic alkalosis…
56 Acute Pain Management
The inadequate relief of postoperative pain has adverse physiologic effects that can contribute to significant morbidity and mortality, resulting in the delay of patient recovery and return to daily activities….
38 Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery
When treating myocardial ischemia, decreasing O2 demand is more important than modifying O2 supply. Intraoperative ischemia is usually silent and is not usually accompanied by hemodynamic changes. Slow rate, small…
16 Hemostasis and Transfusion Medicine
Perioperative blood component therapy accounts for at least 23% of transfusions. Blood must not only be maintained as a fluid in normal circulation, but also be capable of forming a…
13 Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Infection
The most crucial component of infection prevention is frequent and effective hand hygiene. The ideal hand hygiene agent kills a broad spectrum of microbes, has antimicrobial activity that persists for…
22 Preoperative Patient Assessment and Management
The goals of a preoperative evaluation are to reduce patient risk and morbidity associated with surgery and coexisting diseases, promote efficiency and reduce costs, as well as to prepare the…
23 Rare Coexisting Diseases
The cytoskeleton of the muscle membrane in patients with muscular dystrophy is abnormal and susceptible to damage. Massive release of intracellular contents, including potassium, may occur after exposure to succinylcholine…
40 Obstetrical Anesthesia
As oxygen consumption increases during pregnancy, the maternal cardiovascular system adapts to meet the metabolic demands of a growing fetus. Airway edema may be particularly severe in women with preeclampsia,…
