D Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Definition Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a “disorder characterized by abnormal tests of expiratory flow that does not change markedly over periods of several…
From Landsberg L, Young JB. Catecholamines and the adrenal medulla. In Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998:707. Locations of Extraadrenal Pheochromocytomas Location…
B Aspiration pneumonia Definition Two entirely separate clinical aspiration disorders exist. One occurs after the aspiration of solid food and produces a picture of laryngeal or bronchial obstruction, an the…
A Adult respiratory distress syndrome Definition The term acute respiratory failure is often used synonymously with acute (formerly adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although ARDS may be caused by or…
C Urolithiasis Definition Urolithiasis, or “kidney stones,” refers to the presence of calculi, typically composed of calcium oxalate, in the urinary system. These calculi result from hypercalcemia or hyperoxaluria. Other…
Minimal changes in renal hemodynamics Presence of peripheral neuropathyTendency for bleedingPatient anxietyProlonged proceduresHypotension with sympathetic block; may cause reluctance to expand volume Inhalation anesthetics Good airway controlBlood pressure controlDuration not…
Primary renal disease Failure classified according to urine flow rates is known as oliguric, nonoliguric, or polyuric failure. Oliguria is defined as a urinary flow rate less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr…
I Rheumatoid arthritis Definition Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory polyarthropathy with myriad degrees of systemic involvement. The disease is multifactorial, and the clinical picture varies widely in severity,…
A Acute renal failure Definition Acute renal failure (acute tubular necrosis, vasomotor neuropathy, lower nephron necrosis) is defined as the sudden inability of the kidneys to vary urine volume and…
