Overview of Anesthesia Equipment
KEYWORDS design and ergonomics of anesthesia machines ASA monitoring standards In this book, we will discuss different types of anesthesia equipment. When we say “anesthesia equipment,” we mean the…
Inhaled Anesthetics
Halothane was synthesized in 1951 and introduced for clinical use in 1956. However, the tendency for alkane derivatives such as halothane to enhance the arrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine led to…
Basic Principles of Pharmacology
This simple view helps to understand the action of an antagonist (Fig. 2-2). An antagonist is a drug that binds to the receptor without activating the receptor. Antagonists typically bind…
Cardiac Physiology
The subvalvular apparatus consists of chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles. The chordae tendineae attach to the edges of mitral leaflets or to its ventricular surface. The left ventricle has…
Gas Exchange
Larynx The larynx is a complex structure that lies anterior to the 4th to the 6th cervical vertebra and consists of several muscles, their ligaments, and associated cartilaginous structures (Fig….
Neurophysiology
The impulse travels along the nerve membrane as an action potential. This is entirely mediated by the receptors within the membrane. Indeed, removal of the axoplasm from the nerve fiber…
Circulatory Physiology
Endothelial Function and Regulation of Vascular Tone Endothelial synthesis and release of vasoactive mediators are important elements in the regulation of vascular tone. Substances are released by the endothelium in…
Intravenous Sedatives and Hypnotics
The fact that total body clearance of propofol exceeds hepatic blood flow is consistent with extrahepatic clearance (pulmonary uptake and first-pass elimination, renal excretion) of propofol.14,16 Pulmonary uptake of propofol…
