• Lung compliance is influenced by a variety of factors, including lung volume, pulmonary blood volume, extravascular lung water, and pathological processes such as inflammation and fibrosis. (Reproduced, with permission,…
Preoperative considerations: All patients are considered to have full stomachs. These patients are also usually allowed to have small amounts of clear liquids during labor. For elective cesarean sections, patients…
ACh degradation: ACh is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetycholinesterase into acetate and choline. The two receptors types are nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors stimulate autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle….
1. Sensory innervation: The trigeminal nerve divisions innervate the nose. The lingual nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve V3) and glossopharyngeal nerve provide sensation to the anterior two-thirds and posterior…
Elderly patients have a high incidence of diastolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction prevents the ventricle from relaxing and consequently creates higher pressures during diastolic ventricular filling, this leading to lower…
Central Nervous System • The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) decreases by up to 40% at term and returns to normal by the third day after delivery. Respiratory System •…
General Surgery Acute Kidney Injury Risk Index Risk Factors General Surgery Acute Kidney Injury Risk Index classes based on number of risk factors present: class I (0–2 risk factors), class…
(Reproduced, with permission, from Katzung BG [editor]: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.) Immediate Hypersensitivity Clinical Manifestations • Atopic: Affects the skin and respiratory tract ° Allergic rhinitis,…
Diabetes Mellitus Intraoperative: Keep blood sugar below 180 mg/dL but avoid hypoglycemia as well. Hyperglycemia increases the risk of infection, risk of poor wound healing, and mortality. For common perioperative…
Laboratory evaluation: Laboratory signs of dehydration may include a rising hematocrit (acute blood loss will not result in an acute change of hematocrit), metabolic acidosis, a urinary specific gravity…
