Summary A primary survey is performed immediately on admission to evaluate and treat life-threatening injuries such as hemorrhage, airway, and brain injuries. Hemorrhage leads to 40% of trauma-related deaths, particularly…
Summary Many anesthetic emergencies can be avoided with constant vigilance. However, the most effective way to prevent an anesthetic emergency is through preparedness. Adopting a methodological approach to verifying drugs…
Summary Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as “An aversive sensory and emotional experience typically caused by, or resembling that caused by, actual…
Summary Chronic neck pain and low back pain are highly prevalent medical conditions that cause considerable pain, disability, and economic burden [1, 2]. Cervicalgia has an annual prevalence exceeding 30%,…
Summary Ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) have become the place of choice for an increasing number of diagnostic and surgical procedures. Improvements in anesthesia and pain control, minimally invasive surgical techniques,…
Summary The World Health Organization predicts that the number of people aged 60 years and over will grow to an estimated 1.2 billion by 2025 and to 2 billion by 2050….
Summary Pediatric anesthesiology is a distinct subspecialty of anesthesia. It focuses on the perioperative care of preterm and term neonates, infants, children, and teenagers. The pediatric population is vastly different…
Summary The pregnant patient undergoes various physiologic changes which allow them to adapt to the stress of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The physiologic changes of pregnancy are summarized in Table…
Summary Shoulder surgery can be accomplished arthroscopically or open, and is usually performed in either a lateral decubitus (LDP) or beach-chair (BCP) position. The LDP involves placing the patient on…
Summary Normal intraocular pressure (IOP) ranges between 10 and 22 mmHg. This pressure represents a balance between aqueous humor production and drainage [1]. An increase in IOP is harmful because it…
