Chapter 39 – Lymphatics
Abstract The lymphatic system is part of the systemic circulation. Its two main components are the conducting system and lymphoid tissue. Chapter 39 Lymphatics Describe the anatomy of the lymphatic…
Chapter 34 – Arterial System
Abstract The arterial system is the high-pressure component of the systemic circulation. The arterial system divides from the aorta into large arteries, smaller arteries and finally arterioles before joining the…
Chapter 31 – Cardiac Pressure–Volume Loops
Abstract The left ventricular pressure–volume loop provides a useful representation of left ventricular performance through the cardiac cycle (Figure 31.1; see also Chapter 28, Figure 28.1). Chapter 31 Cardiac Pressure–Volume…
Chapter 35 – Arterial Pressure Waveforms
Abstract The rate and character of the arterial pulse has been used for millennia for the diagnosis of a wide range of disorders. Perhaps more useful, however, is the direct…
Chapter 36 – Capillaries and Endothelium
Abstract The capillaries are tiny vessels (measuring 5–10 μm in diameter) arranged in an interweaving network called the capillary bed. Capillaries have two main roles. Chapter 36 Capillaries and Endothelium…
Chapter 38 – Venous Pressure Waveforms
Abstract The central venous pressure (CVP) waveform is measured using a central venous catheter positioned just above the right atrium (RA), within the superior vena cava. Starting from mid-diastole, key…
Chapter 37 – Venous System
Abstract Transport of deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the right side of the heart, which is the main role of the venous system. There are a few exceptions to…
Chapter 33 – Systemic Circulation
Abstract The cardiovascular system distributes blood around the body. It is divided into the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The systemic circulation is a ‘pressure-constant, flow-variable’ system. Chapter 33…
Chapter 30 – Starling’s Law and Cardiac Dysfunction
Abstract The Frank–Starling law (also known as Starling’s law of the heart) states that the strength of ventricular contraction is dependent on the length of the resting fibres. In other…
Chapter 32 – Cardiac Ischaemia
Abstract The oxygen extraction ratio (OER) is the ratio of oxygen consumption, V̇O2, to oxygen delivery, ḊO2 (see Chapter 17). At around 60%, the OER of the heart is near…
