Dermatologic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Dermatology is a specialty in which visual inspection allows for rapid diagnosis. A brief physical examination prior to a lengthy history is valuable because some of…
Cardiologic Principles I: Electrophysiologic and Electrocardiographic Principles
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES Print Section Listen The clinical tool most commonly used to assess cardiac function is the surface electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG records the sum of the electrical changes occurring…
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen This chapter reviews the normal physiology of neurotransmission, the molecular action and biochemistry of several major neurotransmitters and their receptors, and the toxicologic mechanisms by which…
Renal Principles
ANATOMY AND BASIC PHYSIOLOGY Print Section Listen The kidneys lie in the paravertebral grooves at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebrae. The medial margin of each is concave,…
Hepatic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The liver plays an essential role in metabolic homeostasis. Hepatic functions include the synthesis, storage, and breakdown of glycogen. In addition, the liver is important in…
Respiratory Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The primary function of the lungs is gas exchange. Specifically, this involves the transport of oxygen (O2) into the blood, and the elimination of carbon dioxide…
Hematologic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Blood is rightfully considered the vital fluid, because every organ system depends on the normal function of blood. Blood delivers oxygen and other essential substances throughout…
Oncologic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen In 2012, there were 1.5 million persons with newly diagnosed invasive cancer in the United States.41 Among patients receiving chemotherapy for their disease, some will seek…
Genitourinary Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The genitourinary system encompasses 2 major organ systems, the reproductive and the urinary systems. Successful reproduction requires interaction between 2 sexually mature individuals. Xenobiotic exposures to…
Thermoregulatory Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Despite exposure to wide fluctuations of environmental temperatures, human body temperature is maintained within a narrow range.16,120 Elevation or depression of body temperature occurs when (1)…
