Introduction It is estimated that 0.75% to 2% of pregnant women in developed countries undergo nonobstetric surgery during the course of parturiency; approximately 42% undergo surgery in the first, 35%…
Introduction The cesarean delivery rate has been steadily increasing and in 2009 climbed to 33%. The most common indications for cesarean delivery include prior cesarean delivery, dystocia, breech position, multiple…
Introduction Postoperative pain management in the United States was fairly standardized before the 1980s. Mild-to-moderate pain was treated with acetaminophen or a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), and moderate-to-severe pain was…
Introduction In 1847, only months after the first demonstration of anesthesia, James Simpson, an obstetrician, administered ether to a woman in labor for childbirth. He was quite impressed with the…
Introduction The combined spinal–epidural (CSE) technique produces reliable and rapid onset of spinal anesthesia combined with the flexibility to extend the height and duration of a block provided by continuous…
Introduction Despite recent advances in anesthesia techniques and monitoring measures, intraoperative and postoperative neurologic events remain the most devastating complications and continue to concern anesthesia providers. Even without any significant…
Introduction The contents of the cranium can be divided into three major constituents. The brain or tissue compartment accounts for approximately 85% of the total intracranial volume, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)…
Introduction In recent years, neuraxial analgesia for cardiac surgery has become an area of intense interest and debate in the adult cardiothoracic anesthesiology literature. Although spinal and epidural analgesia have…
Introduction The importance of excessive blood loss after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is related to its significant association with deleterious perioperative outcomes, including all the risks of blood transfusion….
Introduction Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, responsible for 8% of all deaths. In the United States, it is the leading cause of death for individuals…
