Phantom Pain Syndromes
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Phantom pain is the persistent perception of pain or sensation in the body part after it has been removed. The…
Painful Neuropathies
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Neuropathies can be divided into whether they affect large-diameter fibres or small-diameter fibres. Painful neuropathies involving large fibres Hypothyroidism Painful…
Sickle Cell Disease
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK It is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder where haemoglobin production is abnormal. Normal haemoglobin has two α globin chains and…
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK It refers to psychotherapies which help in the management of chronic pain. The primary aim of this therapy is to…
Acupuncture
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Acupuncture (Latin “acus” with a “needle”; “pungere” meaning “puncture through the skin”) has been in use for more than 2,000…
Biofeedback
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK It is a technique designed to control physiological response. It involves using electronic instruments to measure and feedback the individuals…
Placebo and Nocebo Effect
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK A single definition of placebo is difficult. It is an intervention with no beneficial or therapeutic effect. Placebo response is…
Miscellaneous Drugs
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 23.1 Ziconotide (SNX-111) It belongs to ω-conopeptides which are 24–29 amino acid peptides isolated from cone snail venom. It blocks…
