Intracranial hemorrhage
Type Location Subarachnoid hemorrhage Bleeding into the potential space between the arachnoid and pia mater Subdural hematoma Bleeding into the potential space between dura and arachnoid membrane Epidural hematoma Bleeding…
Compartment syndrome
Classic The hallmark presentation is pain that is out of proportion to injury or findings. Patients will describe the pain as “deep”, “burning,” and “unrelenting” with difficulty in localization. Pain…
Neck trauma
Zones Landmarks Structures/considerations I Defined inferiorly by clavicles and superiorly by the cricoid cartilage In addition to neck structures (e.g., trachea, esophagus, neck vessels), consider injuries to thoracic structures, i.e.,…
Solid organ abdominal trauma
Grade Hematoma Laceration I Subcapsular, <10% surface area Capsular tear, <1 cm parenchymal depth II Subcapsular, 10–50% surface area; intraparenchymal <5 cm in diameter Capsular tear, 1–3 cm parenchymal depth…
Spinal cord trauma
Mechanism Injury Flexion Teardrop fracture Atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) Odontoid fracture, Type III Chance fracture Extension Hangman’s fracture (C2) Vertical compression, axial load Jefferson fracture (C1) Burst fracture Primary spinal cord…
Physics and “knobology”
Figure 1.1 The evolution of ultrasound. When ultrasound was introduced, it was (a) a large apparatus that required (b) the immersion of a patient into a waterbath. (c) and (d)…
Pelvic obstetrics
Expected gestational age at appearance (wks) β-hCG level (mIU/mL) Transabdominal Endovaginal IUP Gestational sac 5.5–6 4.5–5 >2,000 Yolk sac 6–6.5 5–5.5 7,000 Fetal pole 7 5.5–6 11,000 Cardiac activity 7…
Hepatobiliary
Figure 11.1 Anatomy. (a) The orientation of the gallbladder underneath the liver. Important surrounding structures to note are the portal vein, IVC, and the duodenum. Artwork created by Emily Evans…
The pediatric abdomen
Objectives/indications Children frequently present to the pediatric emergency department with symptoms of abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. While these symptoms are most often related to self-limiting illnesses, they may be…
