Fluid Management and Blood Component Therapy
Laboratory evaluation: Laboratory signs of dehydration may include a rising hematocrit (acute blood loss will not result in an acute change of hematocrit), metabolic acidosis, a urinary specific gravity…
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Data from The American Heart Association BLS and ACLS Guidelines 2010 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2010:122;S729–S767. Pulseless Electrical Activity and Asystole Causes: Hs and Ts. Hypoxia,…
Perioperative Pain Management and Enhanced Outcomes
(Adapted from Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg 2008; 248:189–198, with permission) Perioperative Elements Contributing to Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)…
Neurophysiology and Anesthesia
Anesthetic Agents and Cerebral Physiology Overall, most general anesthetics have a favorable effect on the central nervous system (CNS) by reducing electrical activity. The effects however depend on the type…
Thermoregulation, Hypothermia, and Malignant Hyperthermia
Postoperative Shivering Causes of postoperative shivering: Shivering may occur because of hypothermia or the aftereffects of general anesthetic agents. It is also common in postpartum patients. Shivering is the…
Spinal, Epidural, and Caudal Blocks
Anatomic Approach Midline • Depression between spinous processes of the vertebra above and below the level to be used is palpated; this is the needle entry site. • The needle…
Local Anesthetics
Systemic Absorption of Injected Local Anesthetics 1. Depends on vascularity of site of injection: intravenous > tracheal > intercostal > paracervical > epidural > brachial plexus > sciatic > subcutaneous….
Nutrition in Perioperative and Critical Care
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> NUTRITION IN PERIOPERATIVE AND CRITICAL CARE Nutrition Basics • Appropriate nutritional support has been recognized in recent years to be of key importance…
Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block An interscalene brachial plexus block is indicated for procedures involving the shoulder and upper arm. Roots C5 to C7 are most densely blocked, and the ulnar…
