Valvular Heart Disease and Cardiac Murmurs
Chapter 126 Valvular Heart Disease and Cardiac Murmurs Cathleen Crowley-Koschnitzki When a murmur is heard for the first time, it is important to determine whether it is from a pathologic…
Fungal Infections (Superficial)
Chapter 54 Fungal Infections (Superficial) Melissa A. Hall Superficial fungal infections are common problems. Greater exposure to fungal pathogens is occurring in the health and fitness–minded population, in debilitated patients…
Diarrhea, Noninfectious
Chapter 132 Diarrhea, Noninfectious Michelle Freshman Definition and Epidemiology Diarrhea is generally appreciated as an increase in stool frequency of more than three stools per day, typically appearing loose or…
Constipation
Chapter 131 Constipation Courtney L. Betts Definition and Epidemiology Constipation, one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints in the United States, results in almost 8 million primary care visits each…
Raynaud Phenomenon
Chapter 217 Raynaud Phenomenon Lin A. Brown Definition and Epidemiology Raynaud phenomenon is a reversible vasospastic disorder that affects the blood flow to the digits. When these changes occur in…
Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia
Chapter 210 Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia Terry Mahan Buttaro Specialist referral is indicated for serum sodium levels of less than 125 mEq/L or more than 155 mEq/L. Hypernatremia Definition and Epidemiology Hypernatremia affects…
Pulmonary Hypertension
Chapter 114 Pulmonary Hypertension Thuy D. Nguyen, Anthony S. Gemignani Definition and Epidemiology Development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is the common end point for a number of disease processes whereby…
Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis
Chapter 77 Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis Nathan Blessing, James T. Banta Definition and Epidemiology Periorbital infections are classically divided anatomically into whether the findings are isolated anterior to the orbital…
Bone Tumors
Chapter 172 Bone Tumors Henry Degroot III Definition and Epidemiology The term bone tumor is broadly used and encompasses a wide variety of bone lesions. Bone tumors may be benign…
