Fig. 19.1 Anatomy of the cervical spine with innervation; entry and target points are marked (VA vertebral artery, TON third occipital nerve) The facet joints are richly innervated by medial…
4. Pain therapy In 1979, a commission set up by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defined pain as “… an unpleasant sensory and emotional…
Fig. 37.1 Sensory distribution of the median nerve The carpal tunnel is a fibro-osseous tunnel, which contains the flexor tendons of the fingers (tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor…
Fig. 22.1 Glenohumeral joint showing various ligaments and the joint capsule. The anterior capsule is reinforced by the superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligament (Reproduced with permission from Philip Peng…
Fig. 18.1 Injection of contrast medium Fig. 18.2 Spread of contrast medium at C7 level Pain relief is assessed 10, 20, and 30 min after the procedure. A diagnostic block…
Fig. 42.1 Local anesthetic requirements for pregnant vs. nonpregnant patients (With permission from Oxford University Press [11]) Several factors may cause pregnant patients to be more sensitive to local anesthetics….
Fig. 9.1 Anatomy. (1) Phrenic nerve, (2) scalenus anterior, (3) cervical plexus (C3, C4), (4) brachial plexus, (5) vagus nerve, (6) internal carotid artery (With permission from Danilo Jankovic) Fig….
Fig. 7.1 Anatomy of the facial nerve. (1) Facial nerve, (2) auriculotemporal nerve, (3) superficial temporal branches, (4) parotid plexus, (5) temporal branches, (6) zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve,…
Table 1.2 Local anesthetics with an amide bond A substituted amino group, the protonization of which determines the ratio of the cationic to the basic form. Only the free base…
Mechanical—acute Laceration Stretch Intraneural injection Vascular Acute ischemia Hemorrhage Pressure Extraneural Intraneural Compartment syndrome Chemical Injection of neurotoxic solutions Severity of Acute Nerve Injuries Classification of acute nerve injuries is…
