Proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) Activating protease Activating peptide PAR antagonist PAR1 Thrombin TFLLR FR-171113 FXa RWJ-56110 Trypsin RWJ-58259 Granzyme A BMS-200261 APC SCH-79797 Gingipains-R PAR2 Trypsin SLIGKV FSLLRY-NH2 Tryptase SLIGRL GB-83…
Fig. 1 Hyperalgesic priming induces a switch in nociceptor second messenger signaling pathways. In a naïve animal, administration (hindpaw injection) of an inflammatory stimulus (e.g., PGE2) results in transient Gs/PKA-mediated…
Fig. 1 Opioids were applied in the volar forearm of volunteers by dermal microdialysis. Intensity of opioid-induced maximum itch is shown in (a) (visual analog scale 0–10, mean ± SEM). (b) Peak…
Fig. 1 Dimensions of pain 1 Pain-Related Amygdala Circuitry The amygdala is closely interconnected with numerous cortical, subcortical, and brainstem areas. Figure 2 shows key amygdala nuclei and their connections relevant…
Fig. 1 Immunostaining for GABA in a semithin (0.5 μm) section from the L4 segment of a rat that had undergone chronic constriction injury of the left sciatic nerve 2 weeks…
Protein Gene Human chromosome Distribution Tetrodotoxin sensitive Nav1.1 SCN1A 2q24.3 CNS; heart + Nav1.2 SCN2A 2q24.3 CNS + Nav1.3 SCN3A 2q24.3 Foetal DRG + Nav1.4 SCN4A 17q23.3 Muscle + Nav1.5…
Fig. 1 Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise and changed expression of NGF mRNA in the muscle of rat. (a) Muscular mechanical hyperalgesia developed after lengthening contraction (LC) of the extensor…
Fig. 1 Transection of the dorsal root, e.g., rhizotomy, separates the spinal cord from the DRG. All central terminals of sensory afferent fibers degenerate; peripheral terminals and sympathetic efferent fibers…
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Hans-Georg Schaible (ed.)Pain ControlHandbook of Experimental Pharmacology22710.1007/978-3-662-46450-2_8 The Role of Glia in the Spinal Cord in Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain Elizabeth Amy Old1, Anna K. Clark1 and Marzia Malcangio1 (1) Wolfson Centre for Age…
Fig. 1 Changes in the nociceptive system during pathophysiologic nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Spinal sensitization and increased hyperexcitability at the supraspinal level form the process of central sensitization At…
