Fig. 1.1 Schematic displays the defining psychophysical properties that characterize the pain report after an acute high-intensity stimulus (left) and that after a local tissue injury (right). As indicated, in…
Fig. 15.1 In the top row, the three schematics for gas chromatography show that samples containing morphine, hydrocodone, and a combination of the two can be distinguished from one another…
Fig. 10.1 Intracellular opioid actions (With permission from Trescot et al. [5]) Fig. 10.2 Opioid receptors, pre- and postsynaptic (With permission from Trescot et al. [5]) The dopaminergic system in…
Fig. 18.1 Putative mechanism of endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde signaling in the nervous system. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by glutamate triggers the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC)-diacylglycerol lipase (DGL)…
Fig. 14.1 Molecular structure of methadone Methadone’s activity at opioid sub-receptors is unique. Like morphine, methadone has agonist affinity for both the mu and delta opioid receptors. However, in animal…
A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the 12-month period:…
Fig. 11.1 Causes of opioid-induced nausea and/or vomiting Since tolerance to opioid-induced nausea and vomiting usually develops within days, prolonged treatment, if any, is usually not needed. Often, decreasing the…
Fig. 19.1 A hypothetical graph of the number of available drugs as a function of time. The scales on the abscissa and ordinate are deliberately not specified (See text for…
Evidence exists to support that: Chronic insomnia is associated with older age. Benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines are effective in the management of chronic insomnia. However, benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines, and antidepressants pose a…
Fig. 2.1 Framework of genetic background influencing the response to analgesic drugs The second, more traditional, and better established component of pain related genomics is called pharmacogenomics of pain management…
