© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016Marinella Astuto and Pablo M Ingelmo (eds.)Perioperative Medicine in Pediatric AnesthesiaAnesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain in Neonates and Children10.1007/978-3-319-21960-8_24 24. Long-Term Consequences of Anesthesia (and Surgery) on the Infant Brain…
Age Self-report scale Hetero-evaluation scale Premature and infants n/a PIPP-R,COMFORT Before 3 years n/a FLACC After 5–6 years Faces, Poker Chips, NRS, VAS FLACC, CHEOPS Situation PACU/ward VAS, Faces, Poker…
Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale Face 0. No particular expression/smile, eye contact and interest in surroundings 1. Occasional grimace or frown, withdrawn, disinterested, worried look to face, eyebrows lowered,…
Motion artifact Poor perfusion due to hypothermia or decreased cardiac output Nail polish and artificial nails Skin pigmentation Cardiac arrhythmias Electromagnetic interference from surgical cautery Ambient light Abnormal hemoglobin variants…
Fig. 1.1 Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) for abdominal surgery: perioperative elements. Published by Varadhan KK et al Crit Care Clin 2010;26:527–47– Fig. 3. Components of ERAS. – Elsevier Inc…
Fig. 3.1 Play preparation for anesthesia by Giocamico Specialists also prepare children who have to undergo painful procedures in sedation analgesia. Also promising is the preparation of children aged 5–10…
Type of cancer Age (years) Overall 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 0–19 Leukemias 36.1 33.4 21.8 12.4 25.2 CNS tumors 16.6 27.7 19.6 9.5 16.7 Lymphomas 3.9 12.9 20.6 25.1 15.5…
History Frequent snoring (≥3 nights/week) Labored breathing during sleep Gasps/snoring noises/observed episodes of apnea Sleep enuresis (especially secondary enuresis) after ≥6 months of continence Sleeping in a seated position or…
Neuromuscular Any developmental delay? muscles: spasticity, contractures, hypotonia? Seizures: controlled or not? Medical treatment? Airway Difficult intubation/ventilation? Any risk for regurgitation/inhalation? chronic lung infection? Signs of obstructive or central sleep…
Level Step Steroids Add therapy 1 Mild intermittent asthma No Inhaled short-acting β2-agonist as required 2 Regular preventer therapy Up to 400 mcg/die BDP LABA 3 Initial add-on therapy Up…
