Respiratory Function in Anesthesia
d. In adults, the right mainstem bronchus leaves the trachea at approximately 25 degrees from the vertical tracheal axis; the angle of the left mainstem bronchus is approximately 45 degrees….
Neonatal Anesthesia
3. Tidal volume is about the same in neonates as in children and adults on a volume per kilogram body weight measure, but the respiratory rate is increased in neonates…
Endocrine Function
TABLE 46-1 EFFECTS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON RECEPTOR CONCENTRATIONS Increased number of β-receptorsDecreased number of cardiac cholinergic receptors TABLE 46-2 TESTS OF THYROID FUNCTION 2. Anesthesia for thyroid surgery (subtotal thyroidectomy)…
Pediatric Anesthesia
2. Systemic vascular tone is low in children up to 8 years of age, as evidenced by the lack of a change in blood pressure when caudal or epidural blocks…
Transplant Anesthesia
GFR = glomerular filtration rate. V. CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION A. Corneas are the most common organs transplanted in the United States being performed under local anesthesia (often with intravenous sedation) or…
Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery
d. Minimally invasive surgery techniques have not been shown to be justified by superior clinical benefits. 2. Anesthetic Management. General anesthesia is preferred for essentially all thoracic and lumbar spine…
Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Physiology
TABLE 14-2 FACTORS THAT MAINTAIN METABOLIC ALKALOSIS *Animal models. GFR = glomerular filtrate rate; Tm. TABLE 14-3 PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS PRODUCED BY METABOLIC ALKALOSIS Hypokalemia (potentiates effects of digoxin; evokes ventricular…
Basic Principles of Clinical Pharmacology
TABLE 7-2 DRUGS WITH SIGNIFICANT RENAL EXCRETION ENCOUNTERED IN ANESTHESIOLOGY Aminoglycosides Pancuronium Atenolol Penicillins Cephalosporins Procainamide Digoxin Pyridostigmine Edrophonium Quinolones Nadolol Rocuronium Neostigmine Sugammadex 2. Phase II reactions are known…
Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery
*The goal is to return the heart to a slow, small, perfused state.IV = intravenous. TABLE 38-4 GUIDELINES FOR CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY Volatile agent–based anesthetic (facilitate early tracheal…
Commonly Used Monitoring Techniques
b. Increases in MetHb produce an underestimation when Spo2 is >70% and an overestimation when Spo2 is <70%. c. COHb produces artificially high results. C. Proper Use and Interpretation. Factors…
