Inhaled Anesthetics
C. Physical Characteristics of Inhaled Anesthetics (Tables 17-1 and 17-2) 1. The goal of delivering inhaled anesthetics is to produce the anesthetic state by establishing a specific concentration (partial pressure)…
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
2. Propagation of the action potential initiates release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where activation of myosin adenosine triphosphate leads to excitation–contraction coupling of the myofilaments. 3. ACh is…
Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia
B. Ligaments 1. The vertebral bodies are stabilized by five ligaments that increase in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae (see Fig. 34-1). 2. The ligamentum flavum is thickest…
Anesthesia for Neurosurgery
II. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY A. Cerebral metabolism is directly related to the number and frequency of neuron depolarizations (activity or stimulation increases the metabolic rate). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is tightly coupled…
Hemostasis and Transfusion Medicine
FIGURE 16-2. Summary of secondary hemostasis and the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common coagulation pathways. TF = tissue factor; TFPI = tissue factor pathway inhibitor; vWF = von Willebrand factor. b….
The Renal System and Anesthesia for Urologic Surgery
2. The distal convoluted tubule comes into very close contact with the afferent glomerular arteriole, and the cells of each are modified to form the juxtaglomerular apparatus, a complex physiological…
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
A. Airway Management. The techniques used for airway maintenance during anesthesia are also applicable to cardiac arrest victims (Table 58-2). 1. Foreign body airway obstruction must be considered in any…
Autonomic Nervous System: Physiology and Pharmacology
3. Whereas activation of the SNS produces a diffuse physiologic response (mass reflex), activation of the PNS produces more discrete responses. For example, vagal stimulation may produce bradycardia with no…
Local Anesthetics
2. Application of local anesthetics typically produces a concentration-dependent decrease in the peak sodium current. D. Mechanism of Nerve Blockade 1. Local anesthetics block peripheral nerves by disrupting the transmission…
Airway Management
TABLE 27-5 TECHNIQUES OF COMMON AIRWAY INDEXES MEASUREMENT Thyromental distance: Measured along a straight line from tip of mentum to thyroid notch in neck-extended position Mouth opening: Interincisor distance (or…
