The Hindgut
1. About 45% to 75% of ulcerative colitis patients eventually need surgery. Indications are divided into emergency, urgent, and elective. Emergency procedures are done for life-threatening complications of fulminant colitis unresponsive…
Gut Development: Surgical and Anesthetic Implications
1. The endoderm is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut based on its vascular supply. 2. The tongue’s complex muscular and nervous innervation is a result of its development from branchial…
Abdominal Tumors
1. Liver tumors are rare in children and generally present as a painless mass. 2. Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver tumor in children. 3. Regional analgesia may be contraindicated in patients with…
Anesthesia Outside the Operating Room
1. Because pediatric anesthetics outside the operating room are performed with increasing frequency, it is important for any institution to have a system in place to meet the service needs and…
Anesthesia and Childhood Obesity
1. The global pandemic of obesity is a serious public health concern that has affected both adults and children. 2. The etiology of childhood obesity is multifactorial and involves complex interactions between…
Metabolic Diseases and Inborn Errors of Metabolism
1. Hypoglycemia is a common concern. Preoperative fasting must be minimized, and intravenous dextrose must be supplemented in the perioperative period. 2. Lactated Ringer solution should not be used in patients with…
Hematopoietic System
1. During fetal life, hematopoiesis occurs in several distinct locations, with sequential timing of cellular elements produced during gestation. 2. The primary problem in anemia is impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood…
Anesthetic Equipment and Facilities
1. Equipment-related adverse events are rare. Even if equipment is faulty, user error or unfamiliarity often plays a part. 2. Critically ill children with very noncompliant lungs require minimal circuit and ventilator…
The Midgut
1. The midgut lengthens so rapidly that it herniates into the umbilical cord, rotating approximately 90 degrees about a counterclockwise axis and returns to the abdominal cavity after rotating another 180…
Risk Management, Assessment and Quality Improvement
1. Anesthesiologists remain in key position to protect and further advance patient safety. 2. Patient safety organizations (PSOs) provide federally protected venue to accumulate patient safety information and make recommendations on a…
