On Tornados: Storm Exposure, Coping Styles, and Resilience

 

N

%
 
Mean

SD

Minimum

Maximum

Sex

 Male

37

42.5

 Female

50

57.5

Race/ethnicity

 African American

4

4.6

 Asian American

2

2.3

 Caucasian

77

88.5

 Native American

1

1.1

 Multiracial

2

2.3

 Other

1

1.1

Education a

 Less than high school

24

27.6

 High school

23

26.4

 Some college

30

34.5

 Bachelors

6

6.9

 Masters

3

3.4

 Doctorate

0

0

Marital status

 Single

32

36.8

 Married

37

42.5

 Divorced

17

19.5

 Widowed

1

1.1

Annual household income

 US$ 0–US$ 10,000

19

21.8

 US$ 10,0001–US $20,000

22

25.3

 US $20,001–US$ 30,000

21

24.1

 US$ 30,001–US$ 40,000

11

12.6

 US$ 40,000–US$ 50,000

2

2.3

 US$ 50,001 +

6

6.9

Decline/do not know

6

6.9

 Agea

37.58

15.61

19

86

 Chronic 6

0.63

0.88

0

3

 Anxiety (PHQ-7)

7.43

5.78

0

21

 Depression (PHQ-9)

7.95

6.72

0

26

 PTSD checklist

35.83

16.13

17

85

 Resilience (CD-RISC)

70.70

20.27

1

100


PHQ Public Health Questionnaire, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, CD-RISC Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale

aIndicates missing data





Tornado Exposure

Table 3.2 presents the results of the storm impact questionnaire. Out of the 87 persons who completed the inventory, 82.8 % (N = 72) reported being present in Joplin when the tornado touched down. Nearly all (93.1 %) of the participants reported having family or friends in the Joplin area. For those persons who reported having no family or friends in the Joplin area, a “non-applicable” option was available on subsequent questions. A large portion (69 %) of the sampled population suffered personal property damage, with 44.8 % reporting being displaced from their residence. In accordance with the level of reported damage, over half of all participants (63.7 %) stated that they were either extremely (41.6 %) or moderately afraid (22.1 %) during the tornado. Additionally, the majority of participants had family or friends who suffered property damage (92 %) and/or were displaced (72 %) from their homes.


Table 3.2
Storm impact questionnaire (N = 87)



































































































































































   
%

Were you in Joplin when the tornado occurred?

Yes

72

82.8

No

15

17.2

Were family/friends in Joplin when the tornado occurred?

Yes

81

93.1

No

3

3.4

Don’t know

3

3.4

Did the tornado damage your property?

Yes

60

69.0

No

27

31.0

Did the tornado damage family/friends’ property?

Yes

80

92.0

No

5

5.7

N/A

2

2.3

Were you displaced as a result of the tornado?

Yes

39

44.8

No

48

55.2

Were family/friends displaced as a result of the tornado?

Yes

63

72.4

No

22

25.3

N/A

2

2.3

How afraid were you that you may be seriously killed or injured? a

Not afraid at all

17

19.8

A little afraid

14

16.3

Moderately afraid

19

22.1

Extremely afraid

36

41.9

How afraid were you that your family/friends may be seriously killed or injured?

Not afraid at all

2

2.3

A little afraid

12

13.8

Moderately afraid

17

19.5

Extremely afraid

54

62.1

N/A

2

2.3

Looking back, how safe do you really think you were?

Not safe at all

26

30.2

Not too safe

24

27.9

Fairly safe

26

30.2

Very Safe

10

11.6

Looking back, how safe do you really think your family/friends were?

Not safe at all

39

44.8

Not too safe

32

36.8

Fairly safe

12

13.8

Very Safe

2

2.3

N/A

2

2.3


aIndicates missing data


Mental and Physical Health

The PHQ-9 depression total scores ranged from 0 to 26 (M = 7.95; SD = 6.72). Regarding depression severity, 39.01 % (N = 34) of the sample was considered minimal/not depressed, 27.59 % (N  = 24) was mildly depressed, 14.94 % (N  = 13) was moderately depressed, 10.34 % (N  = 9) was moderately severe depressed, and 8.46 % (N  = 7) was severely depressed. The PHQ-7 generalized anxiety total scores ranged from 0 to 21 (M = 7.43; SD = 5.78). Regarding anxiety severity, 36.78 % (N = 32) of the sample was considered minimal/not anxious, 31.03 % (N  = 27) was mildly anxious, 18.39 % (N = 16) was moderately anxious, and 13.79 % (N  = 12) was severely anxious. The PTSD checklist total scores ranged from 17 to 85 (M = 35.83; SD = 16.13). Regarding PTSD severity, 32.18 % (N  = 28) of the sample was considered to exhibit high levels of post-traumatic stress. Resilience (CD-RISC) scores ranged from 1 to 100 with an average sample score of 70.70 (SD = 20.27). The Chronic 6 Index scores ranged from 0 to 3 (M = 0.63; SD = 0.88).

Correlational analyses (Table 3.3) were conducted among PHQ-7, PHQ-9, PTSD checklist, Chronic 6 Index, and CD-RISC measures. Correlation results revealed significant negative relationships of PHQ-7 anxiety (r = −.475, p  < .001), PHQ-9 depression (r = −.815, p  < .001), and PTSD checklist (r = −.366, p  < .001), with CD-RISC resilience. The PHQ-7 anxiety, PHQ-9 depression, and PTSD checklist all showed significant positive correlations with one another. The Chronic 6 Index did not significantly correlate with any variables.


Table 3.3
Spearman correlations among anxiety (PHQ-7), depression (PHQ-9), PTSD (PCL checklist), resilience (CD-RISC), and physical health (Chronic 6 Index)

















































 
1

2

3

4

Anxiety (1)





Depression (2)

0.876*




N

87




PTSD(3)

0.816*

0.818*



N

87




Resilience (4)

.475*

.518*

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Oct 28, 2016 | Posted by in CRITICAL CARE | Comments Off on On Tornados: Storm Exposure, Coping Styles, and Resilience

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