Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with an easy to reference tabular guide on a host of parameters relevant to the anesthetic care of children. The reader will find useful tables on normal hemodynamic parameters for children, sizing for equipment, analgesics and references for a variety of frequently used medications. The guide should serve to acquaint novice pediatric providers and may serves as a quick reference for all providers for less commonly administered agents.
As compared to adults, the “normal values” for a variety of physiologic measurements change throughout development. Listed in this chapter is a rough guide to be used in the anesthesia care of children. As always, the patients’ baseline and co-existing illness should be carefully considered when choosing a baseline.
Table 1.1 What are the normal values for heart rate in children?
| Age | Awake heart rate | Asleep heart rate |
|---|---|---|
| Neonates <1 month | 100–125 | 90–160 |
| Infants (1–12 months) | 100–180 | 90–160 |
| Toddlers (1–2 years) | 100–140 | 80–120 |
| Preschool aged (3–5 years) | 80–120 | 65–100 |
| School aged (6–12 years) | 75–120 | 60–90 |
| Adolescents (12–15 years) | 60–100 | 50–90 |
Table 1.2 What are the normal values for blood pressure in children?
| Age | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Birth (LBW) | 40–60 | 15–35 | 30–40 |
| Birth (3 kg, term) | 60–75 | 31–45 | 45–60 |
| Neonates | 65–85 | 35–55 | 45–60 |
| Infants (1–12 months) | 70–105 | 35-55 | 50–65 |
| Toddlers (1–2 years) | 85–105 | 40–65 | 50–60 |
| Preschool aged (3–5 years) | 90–110 | 45–70 | 60–70 |
| School aged (6–12 years) | 95–115 | 55–75 | 65–70 |
| Preadolescents (10–12 years) | 100–120 | 60–80 | 70–80 |
| Adolescents (12–15 years) | 110–130 | 65–85 | 75–85 |
Table 1.3 What are the normal values for respiratory rate in children?
| Age | Respiratory rate (breaths/min) |
|---|---|
| Infants | 30–55 |
| Toddlers | 22–35 |
| Preschool aged | 20–28 |
| School aged | 18–25 |
| Adolescents | 12–20 |
Table 1.4 What are normal values for estimated blood volume in children?
| Age | Estimated blood volume (mL/kg) |
|---|---|
| Premature infants | 100 |
| Term neonates (<1 month) | 90 |
| 1–12 months | 80 |
| Older children | 75 |
| Adolescents/Adults | 70 |
| Age | ETT size | Laryngoscope | Oral airway | Mask size | BP cuff size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 month 3–5 kg | 3.0 | Miller 0–1 | 40 | 1 | Neonate/#5 |
| 1–5 months 6–7 kg | 3.0/3.5 | Miller 1–1.5 | 40/50 | 1,2 | Pediatric |
| 6–11 months 10–11 kg | 3.5/4.0 | Miller 1–1.5 | 50/60 | 2 | Pediatric |
| 1–3 years 12–14 kg | 4.0/4.5 | Miller 1–1.5 | 60 | 3 | Pediatric |
| 4–5 years 15–18 kg | 5.0/5.5 | Miller 1.5–2 | 60 | 3,4 | Pediatric |
| 6–7 years 15–18 kg | 5.5/6.0 | Miller 1.5–2 | 60 | 4 | Pediatric |
| 8–9 years 19–23 kg | 6.0/6.5 | Miller 2, MAC 2 | 60/70 | 4 | Pediatric |
| 10–12 years 24–29 kg | 6.0/6.5 | Miller 2, MAC 2 | 70/80 | 4,5 | Pediatric |
| >12 years 30–35 kg | 5.5/6.0/6.5 | Miller 2, MAC 3 | 70/80 | 5 | Pediatric/small adult |
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